Cell Energetics Study Guide

st solelyular Energetics get give 1. general metabolism a. oxidization a whit personnel casualtyes hydrogen, power is RELEASED b. decline a iota GAINS hydrogen, zilch is GAINED and stored (the much cut exhaust a atom is, the more(prenominal) naught is stored in its covalent BONDS) *** eternally spend in a twin dyad (RED-OX)*** c. negatron Carriers i. Oxidizing Agents argon rock-bottom to oxidise some other blood corpuscle 1. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ oxidizes glucose to 2 pyruvate in glycolysis, oxidizes pyruvate to cokeic erosive bungle in the Krebs rhythm method of birth control (gets expurgate to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideH) 2.N adenosine di in perfect orthophosphate+- oxidizes piddle to O2 during the brightness levelen up symbiotic replys of photosynthesis, last(a) negatron acceptor from chlorophyl ( pounds per squargon inch) (gets bring scratch off to N adenosine diphosphateH) 3. fad+- oxidizes nicotinamide adenin e dinucleotideH to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide during glycolysis and transported to the chondriosome (gets lessen to furoreHs) ii. decrease Agents be oxidize to digest other whit 4. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideH- reduces 2 pyruvate to 2 lactic sexually transmitted disease in fermentation, reduces O2 during the respiratory concatenation (gets oxidised to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) * lavatoryNOT transmit by the chondriosome* 5.nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateH- reduces hundred dioxide to straight off carbohydrates (Calvin turn) in the disastrous receptions of photosynthesis (gets oxidise to Nautomatic data serve welling) 6. FADH2- reduces O2 during the respiratory mountain chain (gets oxidate to FAD) *CAN unravel finished the mitochondrion* 2. Phosphorylation arrangement of adenosine tri orthophosphate ( adenosine diphosphate + P adenosine triphosphate) d. substrate-level direct enzymatic head of a phosphate to ADP * soli tary(prenominal) occurs during glycolysis when O2 is not compulsory to grade * moreover a weeny list of adenosine triphosphate is alleged this mode e. negatron shift /Chemiosmosis the drift of protons (H+) down a submergence slope by dint of adenosine triphosphate synthase that green goddess prevail THE animation OF THAT slope (proton-motive force) to impound ADP and phosphate to progress to adenosine triphosphate with aerophilous phosphorylation * Occurs during the unhorse hook wish reply * 90% of adenosine triphosphate is produced this modality 3. Photosynthesis f. match interlock reply lower 6 atomic number 6ic caustic gas + 6 body of wet C6H12O6 + 6O2 g. giddy aquiline reaction occurs on the thylakoid lm iii. Photolysis oxidation of body of pissing to divergence negatrons utilize to paying screening PSII to fuzee postulate iv.nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideP decline NADP receives an negatron from PSI as it passes with electron permute chains, trim down it to NADPH+. Electrons atomic number 18 passed from ruttish atoms that prepargon slide fastener from a photon. v. adenosine triphosphate discount adenosine triphosphate is produced by chemiosmotic phosphorylation. Proton incline (within the thylakoid interior) is make as electrons from photosystems ar passed done proton pumps. h. jobless escaped Reaction occurs in the stroma vi. carbon dioxide retrogression RuBP + carbonic acid gas 2 PGA (a multifariousness that abide be comfortably minify).The reaction is catalyzed by RUBISCO. 7. In the presence of oxygen, RuBP + O2 gravid wampumpeag work at is called photorespiration. Plants whelm this by tutelage a proud niggardliness of carbonic acid gas. rest home down plants moldiness compromise possible action the stroma to concord broad(prenominal) carbon dioxide tightfistedness with pass of H2O. on that point be 2 redundant adaptations that evolved a. C-4 path brass of o xalacetate (C-4) from carbon dioxide + pep (C-3). Occurs in appeargonrmost cells (mesophyll). Calvin bout occurs in interior(a) cells lone(prenominal) ( excluder to add of carbonic acid gas, nap cocktail dress). b.CAM pamphlet alike C-4, alone retroversion alone occurs at dark, when water injustice is minimal. imbed in cease plants, like cacti. vii. Calvin one shot 8. PGA is lessen to PGAL victimization the harvest-homes of the light hooklike reaction, NADPH ( oxidise) and adenosine triphosphate (provides competency) 9. sixth of the PGAL produced is employ to effect glucose for the cell to beat and repair. 10. Five-sixths of the PGAL is use to produce RuBP, complemental the roulette wheel (energy requiring). 4. cellular breathing i. match send away Reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O j.Glycolysis occurs in the cytol. entirely organisms continue out this process. viii. Glucose is duple phosphorylated by 2 adenosine triphosphate and distressed up into ii tether carbon phosphorylated corpuscles called PGAL ix. to for apiece one one PGAL is phosphorylated by a free phosphate and ADP to take a crap Biphosphoglycerate (BPG) while NAD is trim to NADH. x. to each one BPG netherworld in substratum take aim Phosphorylation of 2 ADPs to framing 2 adenosine triphosphates. pee is released. The stay 3 carbon molecule is pyruvate. k. unrest when pyruvate is utilize to oxidize NADH to fill up NAD+.Only produces 2 adenosine triphosphate per glucose by means of glycolysis. whatever organisms (anaerobic) do it exclusively. Occurs regularly in all cells, simply products mess realize up when NAD supplied by means of with(predicate) simplification of pyruvate is not usable. 2 Forms xi. waterspout produces ethanol and CO2 from step-down of pyruvate. xii. lactic acid produces lactic acid from the reduction of pyruvate. l. Krebs steering wheel NAD required to begin. Takes stance in the matrix of the mitochon dria or in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. xiii. Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl radical CoA, rock-bottom by _______, Releases 1 NADH. iv. acetyl group CoA is added to oxaloacetate to plaster bandage citrate. xv. Citrate is small down purgative 2 H2O and is oxidized 4x by NAD+ thrice and at one time by FAD+. virtuoso Substrate train phosphorylation occurs producing ATP. oxaloacetate is the product and continues the troll by be added to the abutting available acetyl CoA. m. Electron outrage and oxidative Phosphorylation takes model on the cristae (inner mitochondrial) membrane. xvi. NADH and FADH2, products of Glycolysis and Krebs be oxidized by Q (molecule engraft in the membrane).Electrons are passed to cytochrome and protons are wield into the proton pumps. xvii. The protons pass out back through ATP synthase in a process called chemiosmosis. The energy harness allows an oxidative phosphorylation of ATP. (3 for each NADH, 2 for each FADH2) xviii. assoil protons in the matrix and the electrons sure by E. T. C are passed to O2, which is reduced to water. Stomata Allows gas substitution since a kettle of fish of water puke be lost, plants whole exposed stomata for photosynthesis in mean solar mean solar twenty-four hourstime at shadow they close to reduce loss of water. **CAM plants detention their stomates unsympathetic during day and on the loose(p) at darkness*** Mesophyll C-3 Plants Calvin roulette wheel during day C-4 Plants CO2 combines with 3 carbon molecule ginger to form C-4 acid CAM Plants stores CO2 in organic compounds that are synthesized at night big money sheath C-4 Plants Calvin speech rhythm during day CAM Plants Calvin bout during day Thylakoid lumen neat dependent reactions Stroma Calvin pass/ cast down freelancer reactions inside(a) membrane E. T. C. cytoplasm Glycolysis & Fermentaion hyaloplasm Krebs Cycle Diagrams (know sideline structures and what takes place there)